Vietnam War: Bringing the Battlefield into the American Living Room

Vietnam has gone down in our nation's history as the least successful foreign war that cost 58,000 American lives. However, the battlefield halfway across the world wasn't the only reason why the Vietnam War was a disaster, but media also played a major role in allowing the public back home to watch the battle from their own television screen. Vietnam was the first war to be covered by the media but journalists had no restrictions unlike today where there are pages and pages of rules reporters have to follow. Also, the war in Vietnam was the United States' effort to stop Communism from leaving China and spreading through Vietnam. South Vietnam was losing to North Vietnam and the United States intervened in order to prevent Communism from engulfing all of Vietnam.

During the 1950s, Vietnam was split into two countries; Communist North Vietnam, and Pro-Democracy South Vietnam. The United States first got involved in Vietnam when President Truman sent an American force to aid the French colony. Then in 1959, the Vietnam War had started and it would last for 16 years in which the country would see five different presidents. Dwight Eisenhower was the first to send military advisors to Vietnam to help the South Vietnamese. Next, John F. Kennedy, then Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon and the finally Gerald Ford. The United States Military is known around the world as the country not to mess around with but when it came to the Vietnam War they were not ready for this new kind of war. The Viet Cong used their environment to their advantage, the jungles were extremely dense and spooky and lined with boobytraps and VC snipers. They also used guerilla warfare by swiftly attacking the American troops and then running and hiding in the jungles.

The Vietnam War was the first war that was really "experimenting" with new technology and news services in order to show their viewers more graphic and realistic images of a war halfway around the world. However, it would be the first and last American war to have no censorship by the military. New technology allowed the viewers back home to visually experience the war from their living room.  new lightweight cameras allowing cameramen to move with the action and the flow of the battle. Also, color picture allowed a clearer shot of the battlefield. However, the Vietnam war was viewed in a completely different way after the Tet Offensive because of its importance. To Americans, the Tet Offensive was shocking and seen as a major American loss, however, this is not the case.

U.S. soldiers fighting back the Viet Cong during the Tet Offensive.

The Tet Offensive was a surprise attack by the VC on their version of New Years, which no one expected. The Viet Cong attacked in one hundred different places, but the place that got hit the hardest was the American controlled Saigon. A suicide squad of VC troops tried to overrun the U.S Embassy but were defeated by the U.S. Camera crews shooting the Vietnam War from the ground were a primary reason why the country turned its back on the already drawn out war. By the 1960s, most of the population was getting their news from their television instead of newspapers. Due to the boom in television viewing, television networks such as CBS, NBC, and CBS combined to have a 35 million viewer audience consistently.  At the beginning of the war and through the the 1960s, the television coverage was very supportive of a pro-war ideal, however, the tides changed after the Tet Offensive. CBS Anchor Walter Cronkite played a key role in changing how the Vietnam war shown to the American people. He took a leap of faith as an anchor because he decided to drop his professionalism and neutrality on the topic in order to share his personal point of view on how the war was going.

A veteran remembering his lost friends.

The Vietnam War lasted for 16 years too long, as most protesters would say, given that this war was the most controversial war in American history. Contributing to the deaths of over 50,000 americans, Nam was also one giant disaster for the United States military. The jungles were so dense that at night that a soldier could not see his own hand in front of his face at night. Also, the style of fighting was unlike anything the U.S. Army had seen. The Viet Cong were guerrilla fighters, that means they would use small but swift attacks and then disappear into the jungle. What made Vietnam so different was the media coverage. All of the network stations would broadcast battles in Vietnam of American soldiers fighting the Viet Cong. All of America was watching on their television screens, families would tune in together to watch the latest update on the war. However, this was the last war to have no limitations for the press in covering the events. Today, we see bits and pieces of the war in Iraq but the media has certain restrictions to what they can shoot, where they can go, who they can talk to, and what story they can cover. A lot has changed since the Vietnam War, but it will always be remembered as an American defeat.

Father Coughlin: Fomenting Anti-Semitism via the Radio

Anti-semitism was the cause of one of the worst atrocities known to mankind, the Holocaust, however; the prejudicial belief followed the Jews to America where Father Coughlin was a key factor in the anti-semitic effort. In the 1930s and the 1940s, 53% of Americans agreed that the oppression of the Jews was fully justified. Father Coughlin's weekly sermons on radio WJR, incited anti-semitic action from farmers, industrial workers and laborers and at the time of the second World War, the American people named the Nazi's, the Japanese and the Jews the three most dangerous groups of people in the world.

Father Caughlin delivering one of his sermons.

Since earlier years Jews have been discriminated against and have gotten the finger pointed at them too many times. An example would of that discrimination would be the fixing of the 1919 World Series between the Chicago White Sox and the Cincinnati Reds. The White Sox owner, Arnold Rothstein was accused of paying members of his own team to lose the world series to make a huge sum of money from betting against the White Sox. Though he was never indicted, its kind of like the O.J case, a lot of controversy and little evidence to support the accusations. Then came Father Caughlin and his tidal wave of anti-semitic anecdotes. I have, in my notes, a list of a couple of things Father Caughlin said about the Jews which I think could be the most ridiculous accusations. First, he believed that the Jews "propelled" the idea of Communism into Russia, then he went on to say that Jewish bankers had financed the Russian Revolution. It only gets better with Caughlin, he then continued to say that he believed the Jews had manufactured the Second World War along with the Holocaust. However, the last anti-semitic quotation I will share of his was he believed that the American Civil War, our country's bloodiest and darkest time, wasn't a fight over slavery but to seek freedom from Jewish bankers.

I will be straight forward and say that I chose this article to blog about because it amazed me in so many ways. Just to begin with, Father Caughlin was not a mentally fit human being, he was definitely missing a few screws. His sermons were getting so ridiculous that the Attorney General of the time, Francis Biddle, and former FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover both investigated him and his group known as the Christian Front. And finally, after being on the radio for four-teen years, Caughlin's time finally came to an end, but at a steep price. His powerful words had attracted 45 million listeners every Sunday afternoon just to hear him speak, brainwashing them into what he believed in. However, Father Caughlin's legacy is a very important one in the history of our nation. Through his actions and his speeches, we look back on it today thinking bout how a voice on a radio can draw in and inspire so many people.

Attacking Municipal Corruption: The Tweed Ring

    During the 1860s and early 1870s New York City was being held hostage by the most powerful political machine in history; The Tweed Ring. Through payoffs, kickbacks, padded contracts, election fraud and extortion, the Tweed Ring had New York's police, political officials and the great state's people in their pocket. The head honcho, William "Boss" Tweed, and his corrupt associates, were responsible for ultimately taking $200 million from NYC taxpayers.
  
   The City of New York was in shambles during the 1860s because of the Civil War. For the first time in American history the states that sided with the North imposed a draft on the public. There is a movie called Gangs of New York that takes place during the same time period as Boss Tweed's rise to power in NYC. In the movie, Tweed is represented as the "big man on campus" in Manhattan, who controls everything that happens in what they refer to as the Five Points.
  

Jim Broadbent as Boss Tweed in Gangs of New York.

Tammany Hall, the headquarters of Boss Tweed during his reign of power.

    Unfortunately for Tweed, his run as "boss" of New York couldn't last forever. A man by the name of Thomas Nast, who is without a doubt one of the most famous cartoonist in journalism history, aimed his drawings at Tweed and his corrupt organization. His goal wasn't to show New York what Tweed's corrupt administration was up to, but he made every last effort to make Tweed look like a fool to the people of New York. Due to Nast's efforts, along with the New York Times and Harper's Weekly Tweed was arrested and eventually died in prison in 1878 at fifty-five years old.

One of Thomas Nast's most famous cartoon of Tweed with a round stature, and money for a face

Mightier Than The Sword: Introduction

     In our country's lifetime, media has played a crucial role in our society. It has very powerful influence in our nation and is involved in practically all aspects of life. It covers small topics to large, boring to interesting, it doesn't matter, the media's job is to provide information. Thinking of our couuntry's history, the time when William Randolph Hearst introduced "Yellow Journalism" for the first time. This type of media direction set out to make the United States look good to its people but it masked the truth of the Spanish- American War.


 William Randolph Hearst makes it very clear he is the boss of journalism.
          
       However, the media could be considered dangerous or too influencial. It's dedication to sort through every little detail to get a story could infrindge on a persons guarenteed right of the First Amendment. The media has the right idea, they do the job they were tasked and they do it well. They are assigned to dig for the truth in any situation, even situations where it is clear cut and finished. A journalists job is noble one and when done correctly it can illuminate the darkest corners of the world, inspiring people to make an effort in repairing that dark corner.